Geoffrey E. Hinton, Peter Dayan, Brendan J. Frey and Radford M. Neal 1995. The wake-sleep algorithm for unsupervised neural networks. Science 268, 1158-1161.


We describe an unsupervised learning algorithm for a multilayer network of stochastic neurons. Bottom-up ``recognition'' connections convert the input into representations in successive hidden layers and top-down ``generative'' connections reconstruct the representation in one layer from the representation in the layer above. In the ``wake'' phase, neurons are driven by recognition connections, and generative connections are adapted to increase the probability that they would reconstruct the correct activity vector in the layer below. In the ``sleep'' phase, neurons are driven by generative connections and recognition connections are adapted to increase the probability that they would produce the correct activity vector in the layer above.

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